Direct rule - Wikipedia They both based government institutions on European styles. Cameron has been described as the first great governor, and Nyerere himself, in 1956, singled him out as the only governor up to that time who had not ruled the country as if it were a British colony (Listowel 1965: 75; Nyerere 1966: 41). Social Justice is a project of Global Options, a tax-exempt educational and research organization. It was mainly such grievances that led to the outbreak of the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1905. To resolve this, it became necessary to share out the continent amicably amongst the various European countries. [9], The British colony of Tanganyika gained independence on 9 December 1961, with Julius Nyerere becoming first, its prime minister in 1960 under British rule, and then president when Tanganyika was declared a republic in 1962. He attempted to silence the criticisms by Europeans that had been leveled against his predecessor by urging the creation of a Legislative Council in 1926 with a reasonable number of nonofficial members, both European and Asian. Get access. Who introduced indirect rule in Tanganyika? - TimesMojo Reasons for Introducing Indirect Rule in Nigeria. e) Traditional farming methods were improved through research and adoptingnew methods. Features of Indirect Rule 1. Then enter the name part Direct rule was the form/ type of colonial administrative system applied by the Germans where by Africans were ruled directly without local rulers support. How did direct rule allow European nations to rule over Africa? The destabilizing conflicts that bordered Tanganyika meant that refugees from the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda often flooded into Tanganyika. 1 reel of microfilm (negative.) His book, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922), not only gained him the award of the Gold Medal of fche Royal Geographical Society, but immediately became a classic, as Lord Athlone said in his address of presentation, when he also spoke of Lord Lugard as the father of indirect rule. direct style of rule features highly centralized decision making while. In the interior, there were junior administrators called Akidas. Sir Horace Byatt, administrator of the captured territory and, from 1920 to 1924, first British governor and commander in chief of Tanganyika Territory (as it was then renamed), enforced a period of recuperation before new development plans were set in motion. Assimilation Policy b) Some traditional political institutions were destroyed and replaced with foreign ones. The major types of colonial administrative systems were direct and indirect rule, assimilation and association policy. DOI link for Indirect Rule: The Establishment of Chiefs and Tribes in Camerons Tanganyika, Indirect Rule: The Establishment of Chiefs and Tribes in Camerons Tanganyika. The German agronomist Richard Hindorffs introduction of sisal from Florida in 1892 marked the beginning of the territorys most valuable industry, which was encouraged by the development of a railway from the new capital of Dar es Salaam to Lake Tanganyika. In the event that a state government is unable to function, the Constitution provides for the state to come under the direct control of the central government.In other words, it is "under the President's rule". In 1927, in response to settler pressure, he attempted to limit the growing of coffee by Africans. On April 26, 1964, it joined with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The success of TANU can be seen in the 1958 election under colonial rule where TANU candidates or TANU-supported candidates won every seat. In the 1930s, there were persistent fears that Tanganyika might be handed back to Germany in response to demands by Adolf Hitlerthen chancellor of Germanyfor overseas possessions. For the Haya themselves, the only channels of political expression still open were intrigue within an increasingly irrelevant Native Authority structure, or accommodation to an authoritarian, if essentially benevolent, European government. of your Kindle email address below. We shall say that a. No decisions were made unless the right channels were followed, and in many cases, the feelings and views of African subjects were not taken into account. Uganda, Cameroon, and Tanganyika ? It was officially acknowledged by the 1950's that indirect rule had outlived its usefulness, especially in those numerous cases where "the concept of a chief was absent". Portugal was the oldest colonial power in Africa and was the last one to leave. Recall that indirect rule is the system of government in which the traditional structures of the local people were employed in the administration of the British overseas territories in West Africa. The colony was divided into smaller units and a local leader appointed to rule on behalf of the colonial power. The alliance with the chiefs broke down when the British used them to try and enforce unpopular agricultural rules and regulations. He admirably described the system as one of indirect rule by the chiefs through the sub-chiefs, who are little more than liaison officers intensified during the British rule (Conte, 1996). Lugard himself argued this position, in the foreword to C. F. Stricklands book Co-operation for Africa, already referred to in Chapter 8: The fundamental principle of the [co-operative] system is identical with that of Indirect Rulewhich could be better named Cooperative Rulethe essential aim of both being to teach personal responsibility and initiative (Lugard 1933: vii). The Africans in Mozambique protested against the Portuguese. The Portuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. This is a temptation for the economically weak: a not dissimilar criticism has been made of President Nyerere after 1967 (e.g. [12], Tanganyika eventually gained its independence on 9 December 1961,[13] after Nyerere had met a British government representative to arrange the steps to be taken on the road to independence. In the mid-20th century, Tanganyika was the largest producer of beeswax in the world. While he certainly did not want political power in the hands of settlers, he took steps to encourage them. After the First World War in 1918 significant changes were made. [9], British rule did have positives for the Asian community living in Tanganyika, as they were protected by the Britain as they were no longer attacked as they were during the war. [8], The British state took control of the colony of Tanganyika as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. 1988 concentrates on the early years . They wanted to spread the European civilization. Why was indirect rule not always used? It became a republic a year later. What is the difference between indirect rule and assimilation? 1993. Governor Provincial Administration. In 1923, Philip Mitchell, at that time District Officer in Tanga, decided to run the Tanga government office entirely with African staff. What were the aims of British indirect rule? l) Taxes broke down the traditional way of life as young people moved away from home to look for jobs on farms in order to earn money. entity. A Land Ordinance (1923) ensured that African land rights were secure. Indirect rule, The British in the colony had a Legislative Council (LegCo) which was established in 1906 and made all the laws that governed the colony. PPT Germans in Tanganyika RELATED POSTS. Crime and Social Justice (the journals original title) merged with Issues in Criminology in 1976. The government also supplied good-quality cottonseed free to African growers and sold it cheaply to European planters. Tanganyika gained independence on Dec. 9, 1961, and became a republic one year later. Improved quality of life for citizens: Ultimately, the potential advantages of a union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar could lead to improved quality of life for the people of both countries. A more liberal form of administration rapidly replaced the previous semimilitary system. This was welcomed by the small political class of Tanganyika as an object . The continuing demand for primary produce strengthened the country's financial position. Indirect control means any situation where one person is in a position to act through another person over whom the first person has control due to the legal or economic relationship between the two. Most of the power in the colonies was based in France and there was a very little delegation of power within the colony. and then emulated by the French after World War I, the Belgians in the 1930s, and the Portuguese in the 1950s. entity. The illiterate and very conservative agricultural majority is apt to regard with some distrust the trousered and Europeanized African as a townsman ignorant of the things that matter most. (PDF) Forest and Forestry in Tanzania: Changes and Continuities in During World War I, Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika Territory. The system of government used by the British in Kenya is shown below. There are a number of excellent overviews that focus on different aspects of German colonialism. But as education spreads, the influence of the Europeanized native and of the press which he owns and controls and reads to village audiences tends to increase, and the peasant population becomes politically-mindeda phase already reached in India, and already becoming visible in Africa. In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as Tanganyika. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. The Germans then decided to force the people to grow crops. During their rule, Africans were mistreated by settlers who had taken control over them. Perhaps the two traits which have impressed me as those most characteristic of the African native are his lack of apprehension and inability to visualise the future, and the steadfastness of his loyalty and affection. The British were therefore forced to use local people, leading to the adoption of Indirect Rule. Since most of the plantations and estates had been confiscated as German property, and had fallen into disrepair, initially there was little alternative but to encourage peasant production (Iliffe 1979: 2623; Bates 1957: 4375). which important decision-making powers are delegated to the weaker. German East Africa Company in Tanganyika. Tanganyika Mandate As a result of this, Africans had to work very hard to ensure that they paid their taxes on time. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Akidas were mainly Arabs or Swahili people. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions c) Colonial governments introduced modern methods of communication. This successfully encouraged the pioneer coffee-growing activities on the slopes of Kilimanjaro. He gave generous rewards to any company that agreed to come into Congo to start a project. Germans used harsh methods in ruling just like the British " direct" style of rule features highly centralized decision making while. The British used a method called Indirect rule in African colonies as a way of giving traditional African leaders new titles as colonial administrators. World War I put an end to all German experiments. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. The British state wished for this colony to be similar to the Nigeria in terms of its state structure. After this, the League of Nations formalised the UK's control of the area, who renamed it "Tanganyika". The effects of the war upon Germanys achievements in East Africa were disastrous; the administration and economy were completely disrupted. In some areas, Islam became adopted by the native peoples such as the Yao in the south of the country. The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of World War II after which it was held as a United Nations trust territory. . In 1896 work began on the construction of a railway running northeastward from Tanga to Moshi, which it reached in 1912. It seeks to promote human dignity, equality, peace, and genuine security. In India, indigenous institutions continued to exist, and upon independence, efforts were made to integrate the domi- nant and indigenous education systems. to preserve African political institutions. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? Print publication year: 1969. The System of Native Administration in Tanganyika Large pieces of African land were taken by foreign companies who then exploited minerals and tree products and sold them at a profit to European countries. Tanganyika Territory - Wikipedia Online ISBN: 9780511759635. [2], The area that made up Tanganyika was commonly visited by Arabic traders who would come to the area to buy slaves and ivory. This led to the Asian population in Tanganyika increasing from 8,698 in 1912 to 25,144 in 1931. In indirect rule, the British officials did not extert their influence directly to tbe people but through local chiefs, whereas in policy of assimilation, French officials exerted their influence directly to the people not through the local chiefs. Owning a colony in Africa was a source of pride and prestige. For example, it was used by Germans in Tanganyika where they either employed their pure Europeans or imported other mixed cultures of Jumbes and Akidas in Tanganyika. What is the difference between direct and indirect rule in Africa? Indirect rule allows local rulers to decide on things, try to groom the kids to be like them, and did allow culture to stay (for the most part). Sir Donald Cameron, assuming the governorship in 1925, instituted "little change" in Byatt's administrative system, although he accelerated the process and considerably escalated the rhetoric of indirect rule. German rule in Tanganyika always had a strong military flavor, and was based on the permanent presence of German-led African forces. When local rules resisted colonial rule indirect rule was not always possible. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Britain and Germany then agreed to divide the mainland into spheres of influence, and the Sultan was forced to acquiesce. Direct rule was used by the British, Belgium and Portuguese. He has drawn on a wide range of sources, both in East Africa and Germany. Africans were not ready to abandon their culture. Assimilation failed mainly because of the following reasons: Africans who lived in the communes were treated like citizens of France.