"the little fishing boats strung out like bunting" "like a huge flag waved first one way then the other in a figure of eight" Pilots would not see this manual in normal conditions, though it is quite possible some of it was used verbatim as teaching material. With its navy, air force, and merchant fleets shattered, mainland Japan was on the verge of an American ground invasion that, according to widespread American propaganda, could come at any time. Soldiers disobeying an order could be executed summarily, and their entire families could suffer consequences as well; this discipline was just as harsh in the Togo squadrons, where officers sometimes capriciously sent pilots they disliked out on missions while delaying others from more prominent families (Ohnuki-Tierney, 2006, p. 11). Compare the Language Techniques in Both 'Kamikaze' and - EdPlace There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. Early to middle 1945 saw Imperial Japan in near-complete disarray, both militarily and economically. (49) Although it is the responsibility of the guiding plane to confirm the result of the battle of Togo troop, depending on the conditions of the battle, weather, degrees of brightness or darkness, etc. Both poems can be found in thePower and Conflictsection of your anthology. Imagery and Language in 'Exposure' Imagery. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. Mohrmann. We surmise that Togo squadrons had some version of both Manual 1 and Manual 2, then, to reinforce this dual argumentative strategy. Continuing to reinforce the desired state, the manual emphasizes seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength): (6) In order to complete the assigned tasks, Togo troop [members] have to possess not only seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength) but also eyes that can determine opportunities and skills in order to achieve goals. We're here to help your child succeed. Conclusion: Through the genre of procedure, the two manuals help legitimize and normalize an invariably suicidal act. In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? . It could be a way for the writer to emphasize the difficulty of what he is asking of the pilots and their commander, but, given the language in the rest of the manual, this would be an exception to the typical authoritative distance, which is chiefly created by tone. 30a tuna, the dark prince, muscular, dangerous. This structure seems not only intended to overwhelm American air defenses, but also to maintain morale and discipline. The fathers voice is never actually heard in the poem. Key Words 'kamikaze' - a Japanese word that literally means 'divine wind'. sea. The design of sexism: The case of an army maintenance manual. His work on rhetoric and technical communication has appeared in College English, JAC, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, Philosophy & Rhetoric, Rhetorica, BPCQ, and Informal Logic, and he has co-edited the collection The Centrality of Style. She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. However, at least according to paragraph 36, only one plane was to attack each target, so it is possible that a given Togo pilot would not be able to glance at an allys plane for reassurance before the final approach. He embarks on his final, suicide mission with thoughts of glory and his country filling him but then sees the world below him as he flies. There is a huge emphasis on efficiency; Togo attacks must be highly organized and orders must be obeyed without question. This pilot however turns back and is forever shunned afterwards. The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. If there is a rhetorical situation where dehumanizing rhetoric is acceptable, ethically, then these texts, we suggest, are an intriguing place to start looking for it. She is not smiling or crying. The word kamikaze means divine wind in Japanese. Structure and language - Exposure by Wilfred Owen - BBC Unusual and compelling artifacts such as these kamikaze manuals work well to bring alive in the classroom a usually mundane yet fundamental corner of technical communication. It is unclear who launched the first kamikaze attack, but they seem to originate spontaneously in mid-late 1944. In particular, Manual 2s author has correctly surmised that the Togo pilots would be very curious as to what would happen at the moment of their deaths and has accordingly surrounded this moment with images of comfort, detachment, and otherworldly surrealism. But what if the task at hand is to successfully kill yourself as well as others? As mentioned before, 1945 saw the Japanese military in severe distress. Together, these two manuals offer an important ethics lesson for 21st century manual writers. (Reprinted from Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism, 1992, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 78, 223231). theme. A sampling follows: (30) In the case of surprise attack, a very low altitude horizontal attack is to be [made] when the height of clouds is low, at night, at dawn, at dusk, or when using airplane types such as airplane 67 or airplane 45, etc., and in responding to the conditions at the time, [the troop] is to do a dive or a horizontal crash. Verification step and personal stories in an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on confidence, motivation, and usability. In the battle for the Philippines, approximately 500 pilots were lost in suicide attacks (Correll, 2015). This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. A link to Garland's own website, which has a number of her poems up for reading. This character originally looked a little more like lightening, which represented the ancient belief that such night-splitting events marked the arrival of a god. PDF Context Line-by-Line Analysis - George Pindar School Additionally, there is a great deal of material and thought put into what kind of approach the plane should take, which depends on the situation. The concept of ikan-naku (completely, without remorse) seems odd to include if the pilots did not have any doubt; there is, then, a tacit betrayal of the possibly questionable nature of the order. (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. The poem tells the story of one particular pilot who decides to turn back, prompted by a childhood memory of his brother and father by the sea. Reconsidering power and legitimacy in technical communication: A case for enlarging the definition of technical communicator. He realized he couldnt commit suicide and returns to his base. Genre as social action. Differentiated prompts to annotate the language, form and structure. Naoko Ozaki teaches Japanese at Rice University in Houston, Texas. Assonance 3. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. Based on these observations, we would make four global arguments about Manual 1. Baer, G. W. (1996). PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. The intended audience is the high-level commander of a Togo squadron, who would in turn be commanding the individual pilots. American forces were about to land on Okinawa, which was adjacent to the Japanese home islands, and few Japanese naval vessels remained to oppose them. Minor sentences 6. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. . A set of activities to work through to explore the poem Kamikaze. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/us/a-nation-challenged-notes-found-after-the-hijackings.html. Unlike Manual 1, the excerpts border on the poetic: . Even just before impact, the pilots cannot even close their eyes; total commitment is necessary throughout the entire doomed flight. The early placement of this claim suggests it is foundational for the overall rhetorical effect of reinforcing of the missions inevitable conclusionthe desired state of death. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2001). We agree with this charge but caution that the historical, cultural, and wartime contexts of these two manuals renders retroactively judging them by such an ethical standard problematic. Her research interests include workplace literacy, collaborative writing, and visual design. There is also a deeper, darker reading of brain-washing and state manipulation in the line. a kamikaze pilot. Curriculum subtopic: We are grateful to Mr. Takeshi Kawatoko of the Chiran Peace Museum, who generously shared with us a copy of Manual 1 and tirelessly advised us on the Japanese language of the time and the contextualized, implied meanings in the text. Further research into military documentation, especially those not yet translated into English, from the perspective of technical communication and rhetoric would be fruitful. This basic outline is repeated in Dive II, which offers shallower and deeper approaches, respectively, described further in Sections 2630. The typical Togo pilot was from the upper ranks of university students in intelligence, sensitivity, and culture and most were volunteers. These two Japanese military manuals, written to facilitate suicide attacks in wartime, serve as exemplar case studies of ethical extremes in technical communication. Suicide is rendered as trigonometry. docx, 36.18 KB. Slogan 15. Ethical and intercultural challenges for technical communicators and managers in a shrinking global marketplace. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The way the content is organized. Naval Institute Press. GCSE Subjects GCSE Subjects Art and Design Biology (Single Science) Business Chemistry (Single Science) Combined Science Computer Science Design and Technology Digital Technology (CCEA) Drama. It is of utmost importance for the attacking force commander to have thorough knowledge about the yooryoo of the Togo troop commanders attack. One hundred years of sea power: The U.S. Navy, 18901990. The effects of motivational elements in user instructions. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2003). AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. De Velasco, J. These manuals are excellent examples of how powerful the genre of procedure can be to normalize and rationalize even the most extreme tasks. The narration covers her visit to a war memorial, interspersed with images of the soldiers childhood and his departure for war. Kamikaze definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary green-blue translucent sea, and beneath them, He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. Furthermore, we suggest that, even early on, Manual 1 represents what we call, for lack of a better term, a closed procedure. We suggest further studies in military technical communication, emphasizing cultural differences between different militaries. Even so, each airplane needs to calmly proceed with a deadly attack with a burning determination to sink the target, and to accomplish the assignment to completion. In this poem, the poet uses the themes of the brutality of war, destruction, death, terror, impassivity, and ignorance. Near the beginning, in passage 3, there is an admonition that introduces a recurring element of remorse and questioning: (3) The true purpose of Togo troop is to go over and beyond life-and-death, and to exert completely the unique battle power with mentality of truly [ikan-naku] (completely, without remorse) and risk their own lives and excellent battle skills, and to [bakushin shoototsu] (dash and crash) into the enemys moving or stationed ships, invariably sink them, and then to destroy the enemys plan so that doing so opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military. In this desperate context appeared the Togo, an abbreviation rendered roughly special attack squadron (Togo is principally used in existing literature but may be transliterated as Tog or Togoo), which consisted of organized and officially sanctioned groups of desperate pilots willing to fly their fuel- and explosives-laden planes directly into American naval vessels in order to damage or destroy them and, thus, to forestall the invasion and national defeat. . . The aircraft were often modified to hold explosives and bombs, carrying only enough fuel to reach their target. Both poems highlight the effects that conflict can have on families and men who go to war. kamikaze one of a group of Japanese WW2 pilots who flew on suicide missions samurai sword a traditional Japanese sword cairns piles of stones, usually to mark something breakers waves that hit the shoreline what is this poem about The poem opens with a kamikaze pilot setting off on his mission. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 12(48), 122. Thus, these manuals reinforced their justification of desperate yet reasonable and rational action. Fourth, Manual 1 serves as an excellent example of authoritarian professional discourse that was apparently effective to some degree, in the sense there are no documented instances of Togo pilots defying their orders. Exposure is full of powerful images that evoke strong feelings of helplessness, danger and tedium. The math is necessary, but the chasm between the images and the humans obliterated in an instant is wide. And the living embodiment of all wonderful things from our past is the Imperial Family, which is also the crystallization of the splendor and beauty of Japan and its people. In A. Analyse the Language Techniques Used in the Poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. Through the pictures taken by the photographer, the poet presents how shocking the effect of war is. Its very late date after the battle for Okinawa suggests, like Manual 1, that it is intended for attacks in the event of an American invasion of the Japanese home islands. A fantasy-theme analysis of Arthur Barlowes 1584 Discourse on Virginia: The first English commercial report written about North America from direct experience. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. PDF downloads of all 1725 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. We placed a special emphasis when collaborating on what rhetorician Michael Leff has called the effort to interpret the intentional dynamics of a text (Things, 1992, p. 223) with the goal of producing an account of the rhetorical dynamics implicit within it [the text] (Legacy, 1986, p. 378). In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. The entire country, in effect, was operating under this code by that timea code punishable by execution and implied consequences for the family of the disobeyer. The poem presents itself as a first-person account of an migre's relationship with her homeland. Even with this focus on the officer in command, Manual 1 still falls safely within the states model of procedural discourse described by Farkas (1999) as it often, deliberately or not, blends the pilots roles with those of the officers. The pilots daughter reflects on whether this shunning was like a death in itself: he must have wondered which had been the better way to die. Her father was a ghost of a man from the time he chose to return home. The Japanese navy and army were issued a pocket-sized Instructions for the Battlefield, or Senjinkun, published in January 1941, which portrayed surrender or capture as strictly forbidden and dishonorable (Correll, 2015). Personification 13. Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Henning, T., & Bemer, A. The manuals, then, are reinforcement of a fate already set and form a last-minute rhetoric of control and discipline. It is one thing to be asked, as part of ones duty, to kill yourself via direct personal order; it is another to be ordered to do so through, or with assistance from, the medium of a manual (Manual 2) or to order others to kill themselves with the aid of a manual (Manual 1). We're here to help each child succeed. Accordingly, the entire manual is in the imperative mood and the text in its original dialect is emotionless and dry; it contains no deviations from formal politeness, which contrasts its violent subject matter. The only discretion allowed Togo pilots is being able to return when they are unable to locate the target or targets: (23) If it is inevitable that the [Togo troop] returns due to conditions, especially the interference of the weather, being unable to find the target, etc., Togo in-air workers, without being disappointed, need to be prepared for the next attack with even a stronger ishi (will) . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Beatrice Garland, 'Kamikaze' - Context, 'Kamikaze' - Language techniques and more. The desired state is the destruction of the target vessel; the prerequisite state is locating the target; the interim states are getting into position to attack; unwanted states include making a bad approach that misses the target (Farkas, 1999; van der Meij & Gellevvij, 2004) or questioning the mission.