Quantification of viable cells through reading of UV absorption spectrums at 575 nm was performed on a Versamax microplate reader. Moertel CL, Xia J, LaRue R, Waldron NN, Andersen BM, Prins RM, Okada H, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Hunt MA, Pennell CA, Olin MR. Li S, Chowdhury R, Liu F, Chou AP, Li T, Mody RR, Lou JJ, Chen W, Reiss J, Soto H, Prins R, Liau LM, Mischel PS, Nghiemphu PL, Yong WH, Cloughesy TF, Lai A. Shih J, Rahman M, Luong QT, Lomeli SH, Riss J, Prins RM, Gure AO, Zeng G. Everson RG, Jin RM, Wang X, Safaee M, Scharnweber R, Lisiero DN, Soto H, Liau LM, Prins RM. Dominant B-cell epitopes from cancer/stem cell antigen SOX2 recognized by serum samples from cancer patients. Efficacy of systemic adoptive transfer immunotherapy targeting NY-ESO-1 for glioblastoma. Modulation of major histocompatibility complex Class I molecules and major histocompatibility complex-bound immunogenic peptides induced by interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma treatment of human glioblastoma multiforme. His brain tumor served as the inspiration for the bands name: Death from Within. Together, they decided how to comfortably position Robert so that he could play guitar on the operating table. For primary sphere formation assays, this analysis was performed on the entire acutely dissociated tumor cell population on day 0 to quantify stem cell frequency within the tumor. To build on the analogy between neurosphere and tumor sphere, we subjected tumor spheres to stem cell assays designed to test the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation capacities of a putative BTSC. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Collection: Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. The Surgeon's Cut Episode 2 Sacred Brain Alfredo Quinones Some tumors grow quickly, while others are slow growing. Brain Tumor & Cancer Treatment Center | Tisch Brain Tumor Center The ability to fractionate and functionally analyze leukemic stem cells led to the determination that they are necessary and sufficient to maintain the leukemia (1, 3). The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. Diffusion MRI is an early biomarker of overall survival benefit in IDH wild-type recurrent glioblastoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hsu M, Sedighim S, Wang T, Antonios JP, Everson RG, Tucker AM, Du L, Emerson R, Yusko E, Sanders C, Robins HS, Yong WH, Davidson TB, Li G, Liau LM, Prins RM. I picked it up fast, Robert says. dukehealth.org. This cell was also capable of differentiating in vitro into cell phenotypes identical to the tumor in situ. Biopsy 5,C, top panels). Duke Cancer Center Brain Tumor Clinic A, normal human neural stem cells differentiate into characteristic proportions of astrocytes (GFAP, ), neurons (-tubulin 3, ) and oligodendrocytes (PDGFR-, ) reflecting the composition of normal brain. We also performed cytogenetic analysis and SKY (8) using metaphase preparations obtained directly from cultured tumor spheres from a medulloblastoma (Patient 7; Fig. Normal human neural stem cells demonstrate multipotentiality by differentiating into characteristic proportions of astrocytes (5060%), neurons (2030%), and oligodendrocytes (510%; Fig. Dai C., Celestino J. C., Okada Y., Louis D. N., Fuller G. N., Holland E. C. PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes, Fults D., Pedone C., Dai C., Holland E. C. MYC expression promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in culture and. Tumor spheres are defined as clonally derived nonadherent colonies of cells derived from a single tumor stem cell. 1506 Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center. Joon H. Uhm, M.D., Neurology, Mayo Clinic: Molecular testing or DNA testing on tumors -- now, in the 21st century -- needs to be considered for the great majority, if not all, brain tumor patients. Lasky JL, Panosyan EH, Plant A, Davidson T, Yong WH, Prins RM, Liau LM, Moore TB. Most current research on human brain tumors is focused on the molecular and cellular analysis of the bulk tumor mass. Dr. Hawkins founded Immetacyte Ltd, a Produced from self-derived leukocytes, engineered retrotransposon Arc EVs (eraEVs) are immunologically inert with minimal clearance. This suggests that brain tumors can be generated from BTSCs that share a very similar phenotype. Cancer Center. Liu F, Cox CD, Chowdhury R, Dovek L, Nguyen H, Li T, Li S, Ozer B, Chou A, Nguyen N, Wei B, Antonios J, Soto H, Kornblum H, Liau L, Prins R, Nghiemphu PL, Yong W, Cloughesy T, Lai A. Chakhoyan A, Yao J, Leu K, Pope WB, Salamon N, Yong W, Lai A, Nghiemphu PL, Everson RG, Prins RM, Liau LM, Nathanson DA, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM. Subsequent immunodetection was performed using the Elite Vector Stain ABC System (Vector Laboratories, Burlingham, CA). This cell represented a minority of the tumor cell population and was identified by expression of the cell surface marker CD133. Lendahl U., Zimmerman L. B., McKay R. D. CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein. 6, A and B). Symptoms also might depend on how fast the brain tumor is growing, which is also called We have applied the techniques used to isolate normal neural stem cells in culture (as clonally derived neurospheres, each of which arise from a single stem cell; Ref. Brain tumor - Care at Mayo Clinic The potential that a neural stem cell may be transformed into a brain tumor has long been considered, but no prospective isolation of stem cells has been performed in brain tumors. Immunocytochemistry was performed as described previously (7). The AMPK agonist AICAR inhibits the growth of EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastomas by inhibiting lipogenesis. WebA brain tumor, known as an intracranial tumor, is an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply uncontrollably, seemingly unchecked by the mechanisms that control normal cells. The Lyda Hill Cancer Prevention Center provides cancer risk assessment, screening and diagnostic services. Spectral images were acquired and analyzed with an SD 200 Spectral Bio-imaging System (ASI Ltd., MigdalHaemek, Israel) attached to a Zeiss Axioplan 2 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), and analyzed using SKYVIEW (ver. CD133 is a novel 120 kDa five-transmembrane cell surface protein originally shown to be a hematopoietic stem cell marker, and found recently to be a marker of normal human neural stem cells (5, 12, 15). Two days after primary culture, cells were plated onto glass coverslips coated in poly-l-ornithine (Sigma; Ref. Cellular analyses of medulloblastoma cultures sorted for CD133 expression reveal that neither CD133+ nor CD133 cell differentiation profiles resemble the differentiation profile of a normal human neural stem cell (Fig. I cant wait to get back in the studio with my band.. We used culture conditions that favored stem cell growth, established previously for isolation of neural stem cells as neurospheres (4). To determine whether CD133 was present in tumor sphere cultures, we analyzed the expression of CD133 using flow cytometry, and we sorted for CD133 positive and negative cell populations using magnetic bead cell sorting. Find one near you. Immunostaining for CD133 () and nestin () is characteristically lost after differentiation. Begley J, Vo DD, Morris LF, Bruhn KW, Prins RM, Mok S, Koya RC, Garban HJ, Comin-Anduix B, Craft N, Ribas A. Prins RM, Shu CJ, Radu CG, Vo DD, Khan-Farooqi H, Soto H, Yang MY, Lin MS, Shelly S, Witte ON, Ribas A, Liau LM. Our team helps manage medications, control seizures, evaluate and manage mood-related issues, and address side effects from chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Dissociated tumor spheres preferentially differentiated down the lineage that characterized the original tumor phenotype (A), pilocytic astrocytoma (specimen from Patient 9); (B), medulloblastoma (specimen from Patient 7). However, differentiated CD133+ cells that harbor stem cell activity and CD133 tumor cells sorted from a medulloblastoma exhibit an abnormally high proportion of cells immunostaining for -III tubulin (86.5% and 83.0%, respectively), resembling the original tumor rather than normal brain phenotype (Fig. We take a personalized approach to each persons care. There is overwhelming evidence in other malignancies, such as leukemia, that the clonal population of neoplastic cells exhibits marked heterogeneity with respect to proliferation and differentiation (1, 2). CD133 expression of brain tumor stem cells. Researchers will utilize cell lines provided by the Childrens Brain Tumor Network to explore newly discovered mutational drivers of this tumor type in an effort to develop pediatric centric therapies. The identification of a BTSC provides a powerful tool to investigate the tumorigenic process in the central nervous system and to develop therapies targeted to the BTSC. Identification of a Cancer Stem Cell in Human Brain Tumors Shu CJ, Radu CG, Shelly SM, Vo DD, Prins R, Ribas A, Phelps ME, Witte ON. Emerging immunotherapies for malignant glioma: from immunogenomics to cell therapy. On March 26, 2023, Duke Neurosurgery and the Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke opened the 2023 The International Conference on Brain Tumor Research and Therapy (ICBTRT) in Kiawah Island, South Carolina. Cloughesy TF, Mochizuki AY, Orpilla JR, Hugo W, Lee AH, Davidson TB, Wang AC, Ellingson BM, Rytlewski JA, Sanders CM, Kawaguchi ES, Du L, Li G, Yong WH, Gaffey SC, Cohen AL, Mellinghoff IK, Lee EQ, Reardon DA, O'Brien BJ, Butowski NA, Nghiemphu PL, Clarke JL, Arrillaga-Romany IC, Colman H, Kaley TJ, de Groot JF, Liau LM, Wen PY, Prins RM. 1). Surgery The authors have declared no competing interest. We care about your overall health and quality of life while undergoing treatment for a brain tumor. We report here the identification and purification of a cancer stem cell from human brain tumors of different phenotypes that possesses a marked capacity for proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. A., Weiss S. Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. your account, or need to contact customer service, please, Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Cancers, Find a Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Cancers Doctor, Copyright 2004-2023 Duke University Health System, This page was medically reviewed on 03/22/2023 by, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center's, Christina Cone, DNP, ANP-BC, AOCN, APRN A neurosurgeon may be able to remove your brain tumor by performing a craniotomy surgery. These results show that the BTSC may re-establish the original tumor and demonstrate that brain tumors are heterogeneous and consist of a differentiating population that originates from a BTSC. II. C, morphology of secondary tumor spheres was identical to that of primary tumor spheres (magnification 200). Schrock E., du Manoir S., Veldman T., Schoell B., Wienberg J., Ferguson-Smith M. A., Ning Y., Ledbetter D. H., Bar-Am I., Soenksen D., Garini Y., Ried T. Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes. Primary brain tumors of different phenotypes form neurosphere-like colonies. Search for other works by this author on: 2003 American Association for Cancer Research. Bob's tumor is located in his right occipital cortex, the area of the brain that controls vision. 5,D). Pediatric high grade astrocytomas are very difficult to treat and decades of clinical trials on adult tumors has failed to improve outcomes. Successful treatment with combined radiotherapy and cellular vaccination. Furthermore, Prabhu told me I would be OK. Thats what I wanted to hear, Robert says. Park C. H., Bergsugel D. E., McCulloch E. A. Rare stem cells within the leukemic population possess extensive proliferation and self-renewal capacity that is not found in the majority of the leukemic cells. Within 3 days of primary culture, cells were centrifuged at 800 g for 5 min, triturated with a fire-narrowed Pasteur pipette, and resuspended in 1 PBS with 0.5% BSA and 2 mm EDTA. This differentiated tumor stem cell immunophenotype may represent a bipotential precursor cell, such as has been identified previously by Kilpatrick and Bartlett (14) in normal neural precursor cells. Brain tumors are not only phenotypically heterogeneous but are also functionally heterogeneous. Tumors were washed, acutely dissociated in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid and subject to enzymatic dissociation as described previously (4). Dr. DUMC Box 3624 Housed within one of U.S. News & World Report 's best hospital for neurology and neurosurgery, our center is Brain tumor - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic Increasingly however, histologic confirmation is obtained for both entry into research studies and molecular characterization of the tumor. Find information and resources for current and returning patients. I like to bump it just turn the amp up and jam when everyone else leaves the house.. CD200 in CNS tumor-induced immunosuppression: the role for CD200 pathway blockade in targeted immunotherapy. No reuse allowed without permission. I could tell he was confident in what he did. An LXR agonist promotes glioblastoma cell death through inhibition of an EGFR/AKT/SREBP-1/LDLR-dependent pathway. Head or Brain CT, MRI, PET, Angiography THE TISSUE THAT MAKES UP BRAIN TUMORS is very complex. That wouldnt work in the BrainSuite, a special operating room at MD Anderson with an intraoperative MRI scanner a 1.5 tesla magnet. Immunotherapy for patients with malignant glioma: from theoretical principles to clinical applications. Underlying cancer predisposition syndromes are important to consider when faced with brain tumors, Kilpatrick T. J., Bartlett P. F. Cloning and growth of multipotential neural precursors: requirements for proliferation and differentiation. 4E, top panel). A, when tumor cells were plated at a density of 100 cells/well, medulloblastomas were found to generate a greater mean number of secondary tumor spheres (20.27 5.24) than pilocytic astrocytomas (5.85 1.96) or control human neural stem cells (2.88 0.25). Strikingly, dissociated tumor spheres from all of the specimens grown adherently and in serum for 7 days preferentially differentiated down the lineage that characterized the original tumor phenotype of the patient (histopathology patient data not shown). Endogenous vaults and bioengineered vault nanoparticles for treatment of glioblastomas: implications for future targeted therapies. Central nervous system tumor immunity generated by a recombinant listeria monocytogenes vaccine targeting tyrosinase related protein-2 and real-time imaging of intracranial tumor burden. RESEARCHERS AT DUKE HAVE BEEN WORKING for years to harness the power of the bodys immune system to fight brain tumors. Gene expression profile correlates with T-cell infiltration and relative survival in glioblastoma patients vaccinated with dendritic cell immunotherapy. Hagiwara A, Oughourlian TC, Cho NS, Schlossman J, Wang C, Yao J, Raymond C, Everson R, Patel K, Mareninov S, Rodriguez FJ, Salamon N, Pope WB, Nghiemphu PL, Liau LM, Prins RM, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM. In malignancies such as leukemia (1), multiple myeloma (28), and most recently breast cancer (29), rare cells were isolated with a remarkable potential for self-renewal, and these cells alone were found to drive the formation and growth of tumors. In all of the metaphases the consistent numerical alterations 45 XY, 10, 16, and +18 were present. Implementing preclinical study findings to protocol design: translational studies with alloreactive CTL for gliomas. Engineered retrovirus-like Arc extracellular vesicles for the, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cell proliferation assays were performed on days 0, 3 5, and 7 postplating using the Roche 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-based Colorimetric Assay Cell Proliferation kit 1. Tissue sections were then baked overnight at 60C, and treated with epitope retrieval techniques and blocked for endogenous peroxidase and biotin before the application of the primary antibody. We also played a pivotal role in introducing the drug Bevacizumab to treat brain tumors. Future investigations of the BTSC may lead to additional insight of this possibility, and may clarify whether the BTSC sits at the top of a lineage hierarchy, or further down as a lineage-restricted progenitor. 10833 Le Conte Avenue A better understanding of brain tumor biology will come from additional cellular and molecular studies of the BTSC. Tumor spheres were gently aspirated to disaggregate and cultured in TSM as described above. Robert Siddaway, Scott Milos, Arun Kumaran Anguraj Vadivel, Tara H. W. Dobson, Jyothishmathi Swaminathan, Scott Ryall, Sanja Pajovic, Palak G. Patel, Javad Nazarian, Oren Becher, Michael Brudno, Arun Ramani, Vidya Gopalakrishnan & Cynthia Hawkins. Only a small proportion (<1%) of cells composing individual neurospheres from a normal brain are stem cells with the ability to self-renew and generate all neural lineages (9, 13). The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5) 1 is the sixth version of the international standard for the classification of brain and spinal cord tumors, following the prior publications from 1979, 1993, 2000, 2007, and 2016. A., Tetzlaff W., Weiss S. A multipotent EGF-responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes. SKY was performed on tumor metaphase cells according to the manufacturers instructions (ASI, Carlsbad, CA) and as published previously (8). | Box 956901 Metabolic characterization of human IDH mutant and wild type gliomas using simultaneous pH- and oxygen-sensitive molecular MRI. Neurological Exam It is intriguing to speculate whether specific growth factors could force lineage-restricted tumor stem cells to differentiate down a different pathway; for example, could a neuronal growth factor impose a neuronal fate on stem cells from a pilocytic astrocytoma? After dissociation of the primary tumor and formation of primary tumor spheres, medulloblastoma cells were again dissociated and metaphase spreads were prepared. This recognizes Dukes high care standards and continuing research to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. The frequency of the stem cell population within the tumor was determined by primary sphere formation assays performed on 6 tumors, yielding a stem cell frequency ranging from 0.3% to 25.1% (Table 2). Prabhu is amazing, and Im glad he woke me up to play. A., Craig C. G., McBurney M. W., Staines W. A., Morassutti D., Weiss S., van der Kooy D. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells. The increased self-renewal capacity of the brain tumor stem cell (BTSC) was highest from the most aggressive clinical samples of medulloblastoma compared with low-grade gliomas. The conference is the preeminent gathering of brain tumor clinicians and researchers from around the world. It feels great to be playing guitar again, Robert says. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod enhances the anti-melanoma effects of a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. 26 WHO CNS5 builds on the updated fourth edition that Prins RM, Bruhn KW, Craft N, Lin JW, Kim CH, Odesa SK, Miller JF, Liau LM. Professor, Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Professor, Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Brain Tumor Immunology Lab Researchers investigate alternative splicing in high grade diffuse glioma in an effort to identify drivers of the tumor's growth. The data suggest that the tumors originate from tumor cells that express CD133, as this fraction exclusively had the ability to proliferate, self-renew, and differentiate. Yin A. H., Miraglia S., Zanjani E. D., Almeida-Porada G., Ogawa M., Leary A. G., Olweus J., Kearney J., Buck D. W. AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Brain tumor cells can express the neural stem cell marker nestin (20, 21), and brain tumors are comprised of cells expressing phenotypes of more that one neural lineage. What Prabhu suggested next had never been done before at MD Anderson: he asked Robert if hed feel comfortable playing his guitar during an awake craniotomy. To define clinically-relevant tumor subgroups and assess their prognostic significance, we will evaluate the correlation between molecular and clinical characteristics. Your gift will help support our mission to end cancer and make a difference in the lives of our patients. WebThis issue of Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology is dedicated to the examination of pediatric brain tumors, and features articles on intraoperative diagnosis and updated information on molecular-based classification for pediatric glial, glioneuronal, ependymal, and embryonal tumors of the CNS. WebSome of the most common symptoms of a brain tumor include: headache episodes. Uchida N., Buck D. W., He D., Reitsma M. J., Masek M., Phan T. V., Tsukamoto A. S., Gage F. H., Weissman I. L. Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. Irradiated tumor cell vaccine for treatment of an established glioma. These findings support the application of principles of leukemogenesis to solid tumors: namely, the principle that only a small subset of cancer stem cells is enriched for clonogenic capacity and that these cells alone are capable of tumor propagation. Eliminating Brain Tumors with an Immunotoxin. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) Because Roberts tumor was located near the parts of his brain that controlled speech and movement, Prabhu recommended an awake craniotomy. If you want to begin the screening process, please contact us or ask your referring physicians to contact us by phone at 855-855-6484 or by filling out thisform. Lentiviral vectors with CMV or MHCII promoters administered in vivo: immune reactivity versus persistence of expression. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. DAmour K. A., Gage F. H. Are somatic stem cells pluripotent or lineage resticted?. Expression of PD-1 by T Cells in Malignant Glioma Patients Reflects Exhaustion and Activation. AD, all tumor spheres lost expression of CD133 and nestin when differentiated. Brain Tumor Choose from 12 allied health programs at School of Health Professions. After high school, Robert moved from San Antonio to Chicago to pursue a music career and start vocational school in audio engineering. Characterization of defective CD4-CD8- T cells in murine tumors generated independent of antigen specificity. Meeting Report from the 2019 SNO Immuno-Oncology Think Tank. The mean MIB-1 index of medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma tumor specimens is shown in Fig. Neuro Oncol. Cells were fed with FBS-supplemented medium every 2 days, and coverslips were processed 7 days after plating using immunocytochemistry. In this report, we have identified a new population of cancer stem cells in brain tumors of different phenotypes. Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). Arnold Scheibel Distinguished Fellow in Neuroscience Lecture, Student Travel Award for the Annual Society for Neuroscience Meeting, http://neurosurgery.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=825. Erickson KL, Hickey MJ, Kato Y, Malone CC, Owens GC, Prins RM, Liau LM, Kasahara N, Kruse CA. Liau LM, Prins RM, Kiertscher SM, Odesa SK, Kremen TJ, Giovannone AJ, Lin JW, Chute DJ, Mischel PS, Cloughesy TF, Roth MD. Somatic stem cells are thought to self-renew to generate all of the mature cell types of a particular tissue through differentiation, although rigorous identification and isolation of tissue-specific stem cells has been accomplished prospectively in only a few organ systems (2). Cellular and vaccine therapeutic approaches for gliomas. We lack a functional assay of the brain tumor cells that could determine which of the morphologically diverse tumor cells are capable of maintaining the growth of the tumor. WebRobert M. Prins is a tumor immunologist with joint faculty appointments in the Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology. Oral drugs or injections can kill additional cancer cells -- especially for aggressive tumors -- after surgery and radiation therapy. Comparison of glioma-associated antigen peptide-loaded versus autologous tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccination in malignant glioma patients. Keywords: Glioblastoma-targeting immunotoxins were made by fusing the D2C7 antibody that binds to proteins on most brain tumor cells and Pseudomonas bacterial toxin. 5,B), CD133 positive and negative cell populations were collected and cultured separately, under the same conditions as unsorted BTSCs. (Photo credit: Amy Boyle Photography) Lurie Childrens is a member of the Neurofibromatosis Clinic Network. The functional analysis of the BTSC may also provide a novel means for testing of new treatment strategies that focus on the eradication of the tumor maintaining BTSC. Irradiated tumor cell vaccine for treatment of an established glioma. Rather, these cells have undergone a transformation event, incurring the enhanced self-renewal and proliferation properties we observed in vitro. Cytokine responsiveness of CD8(+) T cells is a reproducible biomarker for the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients. Commentary on "Dysfunctional dendritic cells limit antigen-specific T cell response in glioma.". 2,C), and secondary tumor spheres retain expression of the neural stem cell markers nestin (Fig. Amine-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging in brain tumors. Lee AH, Sun L, Mochizuki AY, Reynoso JG, Orpilla J, Chow F, Kienzler JC, Everson RG, Nathanson DA, Bensinger SJ, Liau LM, Cloughesy T, Hugo W, Prins RM. Because normal stem cells can migrate to sites of injury, and brain tumor cultures may potentially be contaminated with some normal neural stem cells, we conducted appropriate cellular and genetic analyses to demonstrate that the BTSC we isolated was indeed transformed and are not normal brain stem cells. Purity was found to range from 46.9 to 79.8% in CD133+ populations, and 92.6 to 97.3% in CD133 populations. He said OK and looked like he was thinking.. Because normal somatic stem cells must self-renew and maintain a relative balance between self-renewal and differentiation, cancer can be contextualized as a disease of unregulated self-renewal (2). Medulloblastoma is a brain cancer in which the tumor is located near the cerebellum. pH-weighted molecular imaging of gliomas using amine chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI. This exam assesses your speech, hearing, balance, strength, sensation, coordination, reflexes, vision, swallowing, and ability to think and remember.