Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. 98. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;35:545-564. 10th ed. Finally, vitamin C increases the bioavailability of iron from foods by enhancing intestinal absorption of non-heme iron (see the article on Iron) (21). The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. Intravenous vitamin C and cancer: a systematic review. Atrial fibrillation:Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. Wang ZJ, Hu WK, Liu YY, et al. New York: Plenum Press; 1996:215-231. J Biol Chem. (PubMed), 128. (PubMed), 139. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. 2001;108(3):E55. Monti DA, Mitchell E, Bazzan AJ, et al. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. It is not known whether supplemental vitamin C could improve markers of glycemic control in subjects at risk of diabetes. Wandzilak TR, D'Andre SD, Davis PA, Williams HE. Harris HR, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. (PubMed), 147. Sepsis and septic shockdefined as persistent sepsis-induced low blood pressureare associated with elevated mortality rates in critically ill patients (150, 151). (PubMed), 124. (PubMed), 57. Environ Health Perspect. San Francisco: W.H. 2002;56(1):53-56. Total calcium intake should not exceed the UL, which is 2,500 mg . Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. 2007;73(4):710-719. Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. Approximately one-half of the cell lines tested were resistant to vitamin C cytotoxicity, a response associated with high levels of catalase activity. J Am Soc Nephrol. Moreover, several dioxygenases involved in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genome integrity require vitamin C as a cofactor. Balbi ME, Tonin FS, Mendes AM, et al. Specific measures of functions stimulated by vitamin C include cellular motility (10), chemotaxis(10, 11), and phagocytosis(11). Chest. 25. Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. A systematic review. (PubMed), 125. Information regarding vitamin C and the prevention of chronic disease is based on both observational prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials(29, 37). Finally, no significant effect of vitamin C supplementation (1-8 g/day) was observed in therapeutic trials in which vitamin C was administered after cold symptoms occurred. 2013;97(4):800-807. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Nutrients. J Transl Med. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. (PubMed), 192. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. In a cohort of 21,831 adults followed for 12 years in the EPIC-Norfolk study, high plasma vitamin C was found to be strongly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes(84). World J Crit Care Med. Hypertension. Wang L, Sesso HD, Glynn RJ, et al. Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. Al-Khudairy L, Flowers N, Wheelhouse R, et al. Vitamin C intake and serum uric acid concentration in men. (PubMed), 100. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food . In the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study, 77,719men and women (ages 50-76 years) were questioned at baseline on their use of dietary supplements during the previous 10 years (124). The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. Traxer O, Huet B, Poindexter J, Pak CY, Pearle MS. Effect of ascorbic acid consumption on urinary stone risk factors. J Infect Dis. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. For instance, in a study of 747 older men, blood lead concentration was significantly higher in those who reported total dietary vitamin C intakes averaging less than 109 mg/day compared to those with higher vitamin C intakes (181). (PubMed), 150. (PubMed), 19. A 2014 meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials in subjects with or without chronic diseases summarized the effect of supplemental vitamin C on endothelial function by measuring FMD (19 studies), assessing forearm blood flow (20 studies), or by pulse wave analysis (5 trials) (39). Bjog. Ascorbic acid levels in the aqueous humor of nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Some people find them less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract than ascorbic acid. Effect of one-year vitamin C- and E-supplementation on cerebrospinal fluid oxidation parameters and clinical course in Alzheimer's disease. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. Int J Cancer. Nutr Metab Insights. 17. 2013;5(12):5161-5192. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;95(5):1079-1088. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. Comparison of mortality associated with sepsis in the burn, trauma, and general intensive care unit patient: a systematic review of the literature. Three meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have reported an overall reduction in the risk of post-operative atrial fibrillation following administration of primarily oral vitamin C (140-142). 2014;12:32. cholesterol. In contrast, a much larger trial in more than 20,000 men and women with coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus found that simvastatin and an antioxidant combination (600 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C, and 20 mg -carotene daily) did not diminish the cardioprotective effects of simvastatin therapy over a five-year period (203). (PubMed), 25. In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. DeRitter E, Cohen N, Rubin SH. (PubMed), 23. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Intake of vegetables, fruits, carotenoids and vitamins C and E and pancreatic cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study. (PubMed), 207. Reversing Heart Disease | Foundation for Alternative and Integrative J Am Soc Nephrol. (PubMed), 49. Oregon State University, Updated in July 2018 by: Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice. Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Pauling Therapy Store - Inteligent*Vitamin*C (PubMed), 117. An analysis that combined data from three, large, independent prospective cohorts, (1) Nurses Health Study 1 (NHS1; 88,540 women, median age 49 years); (2) Nurses Health Study 2 (NHS2; 97,315 women, median age 36 years); and (3) Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 37,375 men, median age 52 years), found no association between the level of vitamin C intake and risk of developing hypertension (40). Diabet Med. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (PubMed), 84. J Nutr. (PubMed), 156. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Vitamin C likely also plays a role in the maintenance of genome integrity and in the protection against cellular transformation through regulating DNA and histone demethylating enzymes (see Function) (165). Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, et al. Faseb J. PDF THE COLLAGEN CONNECTION - LINUS PAULING - Vitamin C 2012;130(1):147-158. Why is Collagen Important ? Andres M, Sivera F, Falzon L, Buchbinder R, Carmona L. Dietary supplements for chronic gout. Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. Vitamin C intake, circulating vitamin C and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Although intravenous vitamin C administration appears to be safe and well tolerated, there is a non-negligible risk of oxalate nephropathy (a rare cause of kidney failure) in these critically ill patients (157). A 2015 meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials found that administration of vitamin C during pregnancy, alone or in combination with a few other supplements, failed to reduce the risks of stillbirth, perinatal death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia (88). Eur J Nutr. Potential mechanisms of action for vitamin C in cancer: reviewing the evidence. At the Linus Pauling Institute, we have based our vitamin C recommendations on the current body of scientific evidence, which is significantly greater than it was at Pauling's time but remains incomplete owing to the many diverse functions of vitamin C in the human body that have yet to be fully understood. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Tower drink mixes replace handfuls of pills and are made with pharmaceutical-grade, bioidentical ingredients. 2017;16(1):103. See also the section on Sepsis in the Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9th International Conference on Diet and Optimum Health. (PubMed), 121. One small placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in 11 men showed that the oral administration of 4 g of vitamin C resulted in a greater vitamin C concentration in plasma over a four-hour period when vitamin C was encapsulated in liposomes compared to unencapsulated vitamin C (190). 2013;32(12):1508-1517. Plasma and dietary vitamin C levels and risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble, There is some evidence to suggest that vitamin C may be a useful, There are insufficient data to suggest a link between vitamin C status and the risk of developing a given type of. Vitamin C affects several components of the human immune system in vitro; for example, vitamin C has been shown to stimulate both the production (5-9)and function (10, 11)of leukocytes (white blood cells), especially neutrophils, lymphocytes, and phagocytes. Liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid: influence on vitamin C bioavailability and capacity to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. A meta-analysis of 36 studies on the relationship between vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations found that the elderly require a substantially higher daily intake of vitamin C to attain plasma concentrations that younger adults achieve at a lower intake. Although only a minority of trials delivered vitamin C intravenously, this administration route appeared to be more effective at reducing the risk of atrial fibrillationpresumably due to higher plasma concentrations achieved (140). Br Med J. 2012;66(5):561-568. Am J Clin Nutr. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. 195. Anticancer Res. Vitamin C is also a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions involved in the making of collagen, L-carnitine, and several neurotransmitters, and in the regulation of gene expression. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? PDF How do I know the Pauling Therapy is working and how long will it take? (PubMed), 90. 2011;42(6):1665-1672. Zabet MH, Mohammadi M, Ramezani M, Khalili H. Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock. Dr. Pauling significantly increased his recommendation in his 1986 book How To Live Longer and Feel Better.