"Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." [citation needed] In Peru, the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. The end of the Habsburg dynasty in 1700 saw major administrative reforms in the eighteenth century under the Bourbon monarchy, starting with the first Spanish Bourbon monarch, Philip V (r. 17001746) and reaching its apogee under Charles III (r. 17591788). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press|1985. [13] Equally important, rich deposits of the valuable metal silver. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects. The first expansion of territory was the conquest of the Muslim Emirate of Granada on 1 January 1492, the culmination of the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula, held by the Muslims since 711. Pope Alexander VI in a 4 May 1493 papal decree, Inter caetera, divided rights to lands in the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal on the proviso that they spread Christianity. Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New [130] Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. The Spanish Empire could not have ruled these vast territories and dense indigenous populations without utilizing the existing indigenous political and economic structures at the local level. During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. Put in chronological order the following events that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. Settlements/Geography Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. [101] In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI issued a less sweeping apology for the wrongs done in the conversion of indigenous peoples. The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Caaris. Stanford University Press, 2004. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. On 12 October 1492, Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus made landfall in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1493 permanent Spanish settlement of the Americas began.[4]. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. In the European race to colonial dominance, the Treaty of Tordesillas legitimized Spains holdings in the New World, indicating Spanish primacy over Portugal. Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. Q4 . Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. God, Gold, and Glory. By maintaining hierarchical divisions within communities, indigenous noblemen were the direct interface between the indigenous and Spanish spheres and kept their positions so long as they continued to be loyal to the Spanish crown. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. The crown created civil and religious structures to administer the vast territory. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. Miller, Gary. "Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqus del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566" in, Fernndez de Recas, Guillermo S. Cacicazgos y nobiliario indgena de la Nueva Espaa. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. The other was the presence or absence of an exploitable resource for the enrichment of settlers. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. i think those dresses look horrid on toughs poor little girls. [84][85][86][87][88], The exploitation and demographic catastrophe that indigenous peoples experienced from Spanish rule in the Caribbean also occurred The cabildo was composed of the prominent residents (vecinos) of the municipality, so that governance was restricted to a male elite, with majority of the population exercising power. The Habsburg dynastywho ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spainencouraged and financed a blossoming Spanish Renaissance culture, both, One of this periods most famous works is the novel. Expeditions continued into the 1540s and regional capitals founded by the 1550s. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." The labor of dense populations of Tainos were allocated as grants to Spanish settlers in an institution known as the encomienda, where particular indigenous settlements were awarded to individual Spaniards. Borah, Woodrow. [38], Much of what is now the Southern United States was claimed by Spain, some of it at least explored by the Spanish starting in the early 1500s, and some permanent settlements established. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. Hernn Corts requested Franciscan and Dominican friars be sent to New Spain immediately after the conquest of Tenochtitlan to begin evangelization. Spanish conquerors holding grants of indigenous labor in encomienda ruthlessly exploited them. Free and enslaved Africans were a feature of New Spain throughout the colonial period. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. ", Weber, David J. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. The spanish, of course, wanted power over natives and africans (and justified their power and enforced it through various means), so created the caste system. [53] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. 142-43. [34], Venezuela was first visited by Europeans during the 1490s, when Columbus was in control of the region, and the region as a source for indigenous slaves for Spaniards in Cuba and Hispaniola, since the Spanish destruction of the local indigenous population. In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. Dressing, J. David. Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the Repblica de Espaoles. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. Chapter 4 Inquizitive- Hist 11 Flashcards | Quizlet Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. Lockhart, James. 1992. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. [135], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. [98][99] The history of the Guaran has also been the subject of a recent study. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spains Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524.